Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a chronic condition that develops when your eyes do not produce and maintain enough tears to keep the eye’s surface lubricated resulting in multiple symptoms that range from person to person. This can be due to a reduction in tear production or increased tear evaporation from a lack of lipid in the tears that stem from oil glands in the eyelids. The effects can range from minor dryness and discomfort to pain, blurred vision and frequent infections which can lead to eye emergencies.
Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease
Symptoms of dry eye syndrome can vary depending on the severity of the condition but can include:
- Dry, itchy eyes
- Burning or stinging
- Irritation
- Watery eyes
- Blurred vision
- Pain
- Foreign body sensation
The main function of tears is to maintain the health of the cornea of your eye by washing away foreign matter and ensuring that the surface of your eye remains moist, smooth and clear. Tears also rinse away dust particles from your eyes and contain enzymes that protect your eyes from bacteria that can cause infections. Dry eyes is a condition that develops when the amount of tears produced is not sufficient to maintain the moisture balance in your eye. This can result in that scratchy sensation, a continuous feeling of dryness, stinging and a sensation of a foreign body in your eye. Ironically in an effort to fight off the condition, dry eyes can cause you to produce excessive tears, which is why some people experience watery eyes.
Causes of Dry Eye Disease
Dry eyes can occur naturally as a result of aging or hormonal changes, typically in women who are pregnant, taking oral contraceptives or going through menopause. In fact, women over 50 have a 50% greater risk of dry eye disease than men do of the same age. It can also result from taking certain medications that reduce tear production such as antihistamines, blood pressure medications and antidepressants. Environmental factors can also play a role in drying out the eyes and DED is common in areas where the climate is dry, dusty and windy. Home air conditioners or heating systems and excessive time spent staring at a computer or television screen can also dry out eyes and exacerbate symptoms due to the lack of blinking while staring at our screens.
Individuals that suffer from certain medical conditions such as diabetes, blepharitis, lupus, arthritis and thyroid problems are more vulnerable to developing DED. Other causes can be due to eye surgery including LASIK, certain conditions in which the eyelids don’t close properly or extended contact lens use.
Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease
Typically, dry eye disease can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and a description of your symptoms. On some occasions the eye doctor might decide to do a test that measures how quickly your tears evaporate from the surface of your eye. By instilling a simple dye called fluorescein (much like food coloring) the doctor is able to watch and count how long it takes the tears to start to break up after they’ve asked you to hold your eyes open after a blink. This is called TBUT or a Tear Break Up Time test. A low TBUT generally indicates a lipid (aka oil) deficiency in the tears resulting from oil glands in the eyelids not functioning properly. In another type of test, called a Schirmer test, a strip of filter paper is placed under the lid of the eye and you will be asked to close your eye for five minutes. Following the test the amount of moisture on the strip will be measured. Schirmer tests are performed less frequently than a TBUT test.
Treatment for Dry Eyes
There are many treatment options for dry eyes which are highly dependent upon the cause and severity of the condition. Many mild forms of DED can be alleviated using artificial tears or lubricant eye drops to make up for the lack of natural tears usually produced by your eyes. If over-the-counter drops don’t alleviate your symptoms, your doctor might prescribe prescription drops that actually stimulate tear production or steroids for short-term relief.
More severe cases of dry eyes might be treated with a punctal insert which is a tiny insert containing a slow-release lubricating substance that is placed inside the lower eyelid. Since DED is often related to eyelid inflammation known as blepharitis your doctor may prescribe a heated hot compress mask, specialty eyelid scrubs and sometimes an antibiotic ointment. Finally, punctal plugs might be recommended for severe cases which would be inserted into the tear ducts to reduce the tear drainage in your eyes to keep them from drying out.
If the cause of your dry eyes is something external or environmental, eliminating that cause may solve the problem and resolve the symptoms. Avoid dry environments, hair dryers, heaters and fans, (particularly directed toward the eyes) and smoky environments and wear eye protection such as wrap around glasses or goggles when in dusty or windy areas. Use a humidifier to add moisture to dry indoor air. If working on computer or watching television, make sure to blink purposefully as our natural tendency is to reduce our blink rate when staring at a screen. Also avoid rubbing your eyes as this can further irritate them. Staying hydrated by drinking at least 8 to 10 glasses of water per day can also help.
In cases where discontinuation or switching to different medications is possible this can eradicate symptoms. Your doctor may also recommend that you limit or refrain from contact lens use for a certain amount of time or switch to a different brand or type of contact lens which will reduce dehydration.
Dry eye disease won't have a permanent effect on your vision, but there is no reason to endure dry, itchy and uncomfortable eyes, especially since there are so many treatment options to increase moisture and comfort. It’s also important to realize that this is a chronic disease that needs consistent treatment. Your doctor will work with you to create a long-term strategy to keep your eyes as comfortable as possible.
New at our Practice: Amniotic Membrane Treatment for Dry Eyes
Amniotic membrane is the latest treatment and a major advance in the reconstruction of ocular surfaces. The amniotic membrane is comprised of collagen, regenerative materials, and active cells. Multiple benefits include:
- Treatment of certain eye diseases and corneal defects
- Ocular ulcers
- Treatment of chemical burns
- Surface wound management
- Healing after certain surgeries involving the conjunctiva
The amniotic membrane comes in a little disc that can be inserted onto the eye with a bandage contact lens placed over it. It then acts as a tissue bandage to promote healing and reduce inflammation and pain.
Questions and Answers About Dry Eyes
Q: Is it true that Dry Eye symptoms seem to be more severe in the winter than in the warmer spring and summer months?
This can be true but not for everyone. Dry is a chronic disease that can fluctuate. There can be times when someone doesn’t have any symptoms and times when it is awful. During the winter someone might have a difficult time because we spend more time inside with the heater on and the air gets very dry. In the summer people are in air conditioning and the same dryness may occur.
Q: When should a person come in to see their optometrist for Dry Eye symptoms and when is it enough to take care of this problem yourself?
If someone is noticing symptoms on a consistent basis or if vision is blurry because of dry eye then an appointment with an optometrist should be made. The earlier a treatment program is started the better. If dry eye gets severe it can be very hard to get back to a comfortable level. If someone only has symptoms every once in a while it would be ok for someone to try to treat on their own with over the counter eye drops.
Q: What is the examination like to determine whether someone is suffering from Dry Eyes?
The examination involves using the slit lamp to look at the surface of the eye and eyelids. We use special dyes that help us see how fast the tear film breaks up and how much extra tears are on the eye. We also have an in depth discussion about symptoms and what time of day symptoms are worse as well as what activities are problematic.
Q: I have a friend in whose eyes are frequently overly watery. That isn't Dry Eye, is it?
Watery eyes are usually a symptoms of dry eye. The watering is a reflex tear due to the eye signaling that they are dry.
Q: What are the typical treatments used to help people suffering from Dry Eyes?
Typical treatments for treating dry eye include artificial tears, warm compresses, omega-3 fish oils, and hydration by drinking more water. For more serious cases there exists multiple types of prescription eye drops that are used to treat different types of dry eye.
Q: Are some people more prone to having Dry Eyes than others?
Women are more prone to have dry eye than men and dry eye also increases with age. We are seeing more people with dry eye because of screen time.
Q: Do you have any recommendations for people to help them avoid Dry Eye issues?
Getting regular eye exams and having discussions with your doctor is the best way to avoid having any eye-related issues. Also taking frequent breaks while doing near work.
